What Is a Bicameral System?

A bicameral system describes a government with a two-house legislative system, such as the House of Representatives and the Senate, that comprise the U.S. Congress. The word bicameral is derived from the Latin “bi” (meaning two) and “camera” (meaning chamber). The British Parliament, a bicameral system, has been the model for most parliamentary systems worldwide.

A bicameral system can be contrasted with a unicameral system, where all legislature members deliberate and vote as a single group. The legislative branch of the U.S. federal government uses a bicameral system, in addition to all of the U.S. states except Nebraska. U.S. cities, by contrast, commonly use the unicameral system.

How a Bicameral System Works

In a bicameral system, the two chambers of the legislative body can have different organizations, rules, methods of selecting members, and designated powers regarding the legislation and oversight of the other branches of the government. In the U.S., the other branches of the government are the executive branch and the judiciary branch.

There are both practical and historical reasons to have two houses of the legislature. A practical reason for a bicameral system is to function as part of a more extensive system of checks and balances that balance the power of different parts of a government or a society. By dividing power within the legislative branch, bicameralism helps prevent the legislative branch from having too much power—a kind of intrabranch check. Within the legislative body, bicameralism has historically balanced the power of different social classes or groups within a society.

The bicameral system arose in medieval Europe. Sharp class distinctions between the nobility, the clergy, and the commoners meant that these classes were represented by separate groups of representatives, who were charged with advising the king on matters related to and representing the interests of their respective social spheres. These groups eventually developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons in England. In the modern U.K., the House of Lords is still considered a more elite body, while the House of Commons represents a larger, more common class.

History of Bicameralism in the U.S.

The bicameral system in the U.S. consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate—collectively known as the U.S. Congress. Article 1, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution establishes that the U.S. Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

During the Constitutional Convention, America’s founders could not agree on whether the states should each have the same number of representatives or whether the number of representatives should be based on population size. The founders decided to incorporate both elements in an agreement known as the Great Compromise; the bicameral system was established.

Like the two houses of the English Parliament, the two chambers within the U.S. legislative system were also intended to represent different stakeholders within the U.S. The Senate was designed to represent the interests of the states (the state legislatures, not initially appointed senators), and the House of Representatives was intended to be elected by and represent the interests of the ordinary people. This is also reflected in the powers delegated to each House by the Constitution, with the Senate given a more deliberative, advisory, and oversight role. In contrast, the House of Representatives was given primary authority over the taxation of their constituents.

Members of the U.S. House of Representatives serve two-year terms. Two-year terms are meant to keep representatives responsive to voters’ needs. There are 435 representatives in total, with the number from each state being proportionate to that state’s population. This system is called proportional representation. Alabama, for example, has seven representatives, while California has 53. The seven least-populous states—Alaska, Delaware, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming—have only one representative each.

State Governments

Each state also has two senators (a system called equal representation) directly elected by voters and serving six-year terms. Before the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1913, the state legislatures got to choose senators. These positions tended to be held by the elite.

Each house has different requirements to serve. To be a U.S. representative, you must be at least 25, a U.S. citizen for at least seven years, and a resident of the state you want to represent. To be a U.S. Senator, you must be at least 30 years old, a U.S. citizen for at least nine years, and a resident of the state you want to represent.

Each house also has unique powers. Only members of the House of Representatives can criminally indict (impeach) the President and other federal officials; the Senate then reviews the case. The House also decides presidential elections if no candidate wins a majority of electoral college votes. And any bill that increases taxes originates in the House, which is why the House of Representatives is said to have the “power of the purse.” The Senate votes to confirm the appointment of more than 1,000 executive officers and can ratify treaties with a two-thirds vote.

Bicameralism vs. Unicameralism 

About 41% of governments worldwide are bicameral, and about 59% are unicameral. Other countries with a bicameral system include Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, India, the U.K., Ireland, the Netherlands, Russia, Spain, and the Czech Republic.

The size, term of office, and method of election (directly elected, indirectly elected, appointed, or other) for each chamber of a bicameral system will vary by country. Unicameral systems became more popular during the 20th century, and some countries, including Greece, New Zealand, and Peru, switched systems from bicameral to unicameral.